Electric motors are so much a part of everyday life that we seldom give them a second thought. When we switch on an ancient electric drill, for example, we confidently expect it to run rapidly up to the correct speed, and we don’t question how it knows what speed to run at, or how it is that once enough energy has been drawn from the supply to bring it up to speed, the power drawn falls to a very low level. When we put the drill to work it draws more power, and, when we finish, the power drawn from the mains reduces automatically, without intervention on our part.

The humble motor, consisting of nothing more than an arrangement of copper coils and steel laminations, is clearly rather a clever energy converter, which warrants serious consideration. By gaining a basic understanding of how the motor works, we will be able to appreciate its potential and its limitations, and (in later chapters) see how its already remarkable performance is dramatically enhanced by the addition of external electronic controls.

This chapter deals with the basic mechanisms of motor operation, so readers who are already familiar with such matters as magnetic flux, magnetic and electric circuits, torque, and motional e.m.f. can probably afford to skim over much of it. In the course of the discussion, however, several very important general principles and guidelines emerge. These apply to all types of motor and are summarized in section 9. Experience shows that anyone who has a good grasp of these basic principles will be well equipped to weigh the pros and cons of the different types of motor, so all readers are urged to absorb them before tackling other parts of the book.

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………… vii

CHAPTER 1 The UK Generation, Transmission and Distribution System ……… 1

Voltage Bands …………………………………………………………………………………… 2

The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 (ESQCR) ……… 5

The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ……………………………………………….. 5

The IET Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) …………………………………………………… 6

The Building Regulations 2000 Part ‘P’ …………………………………………………. 6

Earthing Systems …………………………………………………………………………….. 12

CHAPTER 2 Domestic Electrical Installations……………………………………….. 17

The Main Intake Position …………………………………………………………………… 17

Circuits ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23

Cables …………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

Wiring Systems and Installation Methods ……………………………………………… 40

CHAPTER 3 The Importance of Earthing and Bonding …………………………… 55

Electric Shock …………………………………………………………………………………. 55

Basic Protection ………………………………………………………………………………. 57

Fault Protection ……………………………………………………………………………….. 57

What is Earth and Why and How Do We Connect to it? ……………………………. 58

Residual Current Devices ………………………………………………………………….. 65

Bonding: Questions and Answers ……………………………………………………….. 66

The Faraday Cage ……………………………………………………………………………. 68

CHAPTER 4 Bathrooms ……………………………………………………………………. 69

Zone 0 …………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

Zone 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………… 70

Zone 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………… 71

Supplementary Equipotential Bonding …………………………………………………. 72

CHAPTER 5 Protection …………………………………………………………………….. 73

Protection Against Mechanical Damage ……………………………………………….. 74

Protection of Persons/Livestock Against Dangers …………………………………… 76

CHAPTER 6 Circuit Design ……………………………………………………………….. 85

Diversity …………………………………………………………………………………………. 86

Basic Circuit Design …………………………………………………………………………. 88

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 99

CHAPTER 7 Inspection and Testing ………………………………………………….. 101

Instruments ………………………………………………………………………………….. 101

Testing …………………………………………………………………………………………. 107

CHAPTER 8 Security Alarm and Telephone Systems ……………………………. 127

Security Alarms ……………………………………………………………………………… 127

Telephone Systems ………………………………………………………………………… 129

APPENDIX 1 Basic Electrical Theory Revision …………………………………….. 133

Electrical Quantities and Units ………………………………………………………….. 133

Power, Current and Voltage ……………………………………………………………… 137

APPENDIX 2 Conductor Identifi cation, Notices and Warning Labels……….. 139

Conductor Identification………………………………………………………………….. 139

Notices and Warning Labels…………………………………………………………….. 140

INDEX …………………………………………………………………………………………. 141

PREFACE …………………………………………………………………………………vii

CHAPTER 1 The UK Generation, Transmission and

Distribution System ………………………………………………………………… 1

Voltage Bands ……………………………………………………………………………2

The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 ……………..

(ESQCR) ……………………………………………………………………………………3

The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ………………………………………..4

The IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) ……………………………………………4

The Building Regulations 2000 Part ‘P’ …………………………………………..6

Earthing Systems ……………………………………………………………………..11

CHAPTER 2 Domestic Electrical Installations ………………………………15

The Main Intake Position ……………………………………………………………15

Circuits …………………………………………………………………………………..20

Cables ……………………………………………………………………………………34

Wiring Systems and Installation Methods ………………………………………39

CHAPTER 3 The Importance of Earthing and Bonding ………………….57

Electric Shock ………………………………………………………………………….57

Basic Protection ……………………………………………………………………….59

Fault Protection ………………………………………………………………………..59

What is Earth and Why and How Do We Connect to it? …………………….60

Residual Current Devices …………………………………………………………..68

Bonding: Questions and Answers ………………………………………………..70

The Faraday Cage …………………………………………………………………….71

CHAPTER 4 Bathrooms …………………………………………………………..73

Zone 0 ……………………………………………………………………………………73

Zone 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………74

Zone 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………75

Supplementary Equipotential Bonding ………………………………………….76

CHAPTER 5 Protection ……………………………………………………………77

Protection Against Mechanical Damage ………………………………………..77

Protection of Persons/Livestock Against Dangers ……………………………80

CHAPTER 6 Circuit Design ………………………………………………………89

Diversity ………………………………………………………………………………….90

Basic Circuit Design ………………………………………………………………….91

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………104

CHAPTER 7 Inspection and Testing …………………………………………105

Instruments …………………………………………………………………………..105

Testing ………………………………………………………………………………….112

CHAPTER 8 Security Alarm and Telephone Systems …………………..131

Security Alarms ………………………………………………………………………131

Telephone Systems …………………………………………………………………133

APPENDIX 1 Basic Electrical Theory Revision ……………………………137

Electrical Quantities and Units …………………………………………………..137

Power, Current and Voltage ………………………………………………………141

APPENDIX 2 Conductor Identification, Notices and

Warning Labels ……………………………………………………………………….143

Conductor Identification ……………………………………………………………143

Notices and Warning Labels ………………………………………………………144

INDEX …………………………………………………………………………………..145

Handle residential wiring projects correctly, safely, and according to the National Electrical Code (NEC). Filled with clear photos and helpful diagrams, The Homeowner’s DIY Guide to Electrical Wiring shows you how to quickly and easily navigate the portions of the NEC that pertain to residential installations.

This hands-on resource covers basic electronics and explains how electrical service progresses through your home. It describes how to install and test electrical systems and lighting, repair appliances and TVs, and upgrade to the latest innovations such as home networking, home automation, and alternate power systems. You’ll learn the procedures used by professional electricians to create the kind of quality work that will pass inspection and add value to your home.

The Homeowner’s DIY Guide to Electrical Wiring shows how to:

> Protect against fire and shock hazards

> Track electrical service from the point of connection to the entrance panel

> Follow NEC requirements for residential projects

> Work with test equipment and installation tools

> Use the best techniques for quality electrical work

> Design and install indoor and outdoor lighting

> Maintain and repair electrically powered appliances

> Fix CRT, plasma, and LCD TVs

> Design a data and communications network and install coax, USB, and Ethernet cabling

> Install a home automation system

> Install backup and alternate power systems

> Work with smart meters

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Introduction: Why Do Your Own Wiring? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

1 Avoid Building Fire and Shock Hazards into Your Work . . . . . . . 1

How Electrical Fires Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Avoiding Arc Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Removing Accessible Abandoned Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Electric Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Grounding and the Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Testing the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Other Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 Basic Rules for Impressing the Electrical Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Mitigating Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Get Your NEC Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Some Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Electrical Deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 Basic Electronics You Should Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

An Invisible Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The Meaning of Valence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Reactance and Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Concealed versus Exposed Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Residential Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Wiring the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Wiring the Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Another NEC Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Wiring Three- and Four-Way Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Three-Way Switch Loop Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sizing Feeders and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

The Infamous Column C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 All About Electrical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Where Is the Point of Connection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Designing the Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Building the Temporary Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Bonding the Raceway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters, Of Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Make It Watertight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Special Techniques for Aluminum Terminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Building a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Masthead Service Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Service Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Grounding-Electrode System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Service Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Underground Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5 The National Electrical Code:

Fundamental Requirements for Residential Work . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Understanding the NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

2014 NEC Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Arc-Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Some More 2014 NEC Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Wet-Location Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Some Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Color-Coding Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Bare and Green Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Ampacities and Device Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Correction and Adjustment Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Box-Fill Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Appliance Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

NEC Article 430, “Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers” . . . 102

Motor Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

What Makes a DC Motor Turn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

An Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Steppers and Servos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Why It Is Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

A Great Invention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

The Universal Motor: Small, Inexpensive, Ubiquitous . . . . . . . . . 117

NEC Chapter 5: “Special Occupancies” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Temporary Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Special Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

NEC Article 625, “Electric Vehicle Charging

Systems and Welders” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

A Big Wiring Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Some Special Wiring Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Rigid Metal Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Liquid tight Flexible Metal Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Liquid tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Electrical Metallic Tubing (Type EMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Flexible Metal Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6 Tools for Quality Electrical Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Electrical Installation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

7 Techniques for Quality Electrical Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

From Service to Finished Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Possibilities for Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Learning the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Some Labor-Saving Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Comparing Types MC, AC, and EMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

8 Lighting Fundamentals: Design and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Lighting Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Kitchen Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Bathroom Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Lighting in Other Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Living Room, Dining Room, and Bedroom Lighting . . . . . . . . . 164

Outdoor Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Fluorescent Fixture Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

9 Appliance Failure, Maintenance, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Isolate and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

An Easy Starting Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Shock Hazards in Old Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

The Wrong Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Finding the Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Heat and Pressure Are Related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

The Diffuser Valve Makes It Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Refrigerator Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Door Switch Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Checking the Icemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Washing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

An Easy Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Clothes Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Clothes Not Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Drum Won’t Turn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

10 Tackling Difficult Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Color TV Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

An Inherent Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Preliminary Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Tracking Down Intermittent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Making Good Solder Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

How to Tin a Soldering-Iron Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

What Kind of Flux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

How to Gauge the Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Printed Circuit Board Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Clearing Plugged Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Removing a Defective Integrated Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

What about Flat Screens? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

How the Gas Becomes Ionized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

LCD Flat Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Other Repair Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Turning to Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Design Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Laptop Battery Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Going Inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Booting Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Clearing the Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Going Deeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Apple Laptops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

A Final Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Submersible-Well-Pump Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Advantages of a Submersible Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

11 Data and Communications Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Satellite Dish Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Anatomy of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Grounding a Satellite Dish System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Getting a Good Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

The Importance of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Other Electrical Power Engineering Books of Interest

PREFACE

BASIC NETWORK ANALYSIS

SERIES-PARALLEL DC NETWORK ANALYSIS

BRANCH-CURRENT ANALYSIS OF A DC NETWORK

MESH ANALYSIS OF A DC NETWORK

NODAL ANALYSIS OF A DC NETWORK

DIRECT-CURRENT NETWORK SOLUTION USING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

DIRECT-CURRENT NETWORK SOLUTION USING THEVENIN’S THEOREM

DIRECT-CURRENT NETWORK SOLUTION USING NORTON’S THEOREM

BALANCED DC BRIDGE NETWORK

UNBALANCED DC BRIDGE NETWORK

ANALYSIS OF A SINUSOIDAL WAVE

ANALYSIS OF A SQUARE WAVE

ANALYSIS OF AN OFFSET WAVE

CIRCUIT RESPONSE TO A NONSINUSOIDAL INPUT CONSISTING OF A DC VOLTAGE IN A SERIES WITH AN AC VOLTAGE

STEADY-STATE AC ANALYSIS OF A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

STEADY-STATE AC ANALYSIS OF A PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS OF A SERIES-PARALLEL AC NETWORK

ANALYSIS OF POWER IN AN AC CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS OF POWER FACTOR AND REACTIVE FACTOR

POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER IN AN AC CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS OF A BALANCED WYE-WYE SYSTEM

ANALYSIS OF A BALANCED DELTA-DELTA SYSTEM

RESPONSE OF AN INTEGRATOR TO A RECTANGULAR PULSE

INSTRUMENTATION

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

CURRENT MEASUREMENT

POWER MEASUREMENT USING A SINGLE-PHASE WATTMETER

POWER MEASUREMENT USING A THREE-PHASE WATTMETER

POWER MEASUREMENT ON A FOUR-WIRE LINE

REACTIVE-POWER MEASUREMENT

POWER-FACTOR MEASUREMENT

ELECTRIC PEAK-POWER DEMAND METERING

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS

DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR USED AS TACHOMETER, SPEED/VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR’S RATED CONDITIONS FROM NO-LOAD SATURATION CURVE

TERMINAL CONDITIONS CALCULATED FOR DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

ADDED SERIES FIELD CALCULATED TO PRODUCE FLAT COMPOUNDING IN DC GENERATOR

CALCULATION OF INTERPOLE WINDINGS FOR A DC GENERATOR

DESIGN OF COMPENSATING WINDING FOR DC MACHINE

STATOR AND ARMATURE RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS IN DC SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

EFFICIENCY CALCULATION FOR DC SHUNT GENERATOR

TORQUE AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATION FOR SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR

DESIGN OF A MANUAL STARTER FOR A DC SHUNT MOTOR

CONSIDERATION OF DUTY CYCLE USED TO SELECT DC MOTOR

CALCULATION OF ARMATURE REACTION IN DC MOTOR

DYNAMIC BRAKING FOR SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

A THREE-PHASE SCR DRIVE FOR A DC MOTOR

DIRECT-CURRENT SHUNT-MOTOR SPEED DETERMINED FROM ARMATURE CURRENT AND NO-LOAD SATURATION CURVE

CHOPPER DRIVE FOR DC MOTOR

DESIGN OF A COUNTER-EMF AUTOMATIC STARTER FOR A SHUNT MOTOR

TRANSFORMERS

ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO

ANALYSIS OF A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

ANALYSIS OF A TRANSFORMER CONNECTED TO A LOAD

SELECTION OF A TRANSFORMER FOR IMPEDANCE MATCHING

PERFORMANCE OF A TRANSFORMER WITH MULTIPLE SECONDARIES

IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION OF A THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER

SELECTION OF A TRANSFORMER WITH TAPPED SECONDARIES

TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF A TRANSFORMER WITH A LAGGING POWER-FACTOR LOAD

PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF A TRANSFORMER WITH A LEADING POWER-FACTOR LOAD

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY

ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER OPERATION AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

CALCULATION OF ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY

SELECTION OF TRANSFORMER TO SUPPLY A CYCLIC LOAD

ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER UNDER SHORT-CIRCUIT CONDITIONS

CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS IN THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF POWER TRANSFORMER BY USING THE OPEN-CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS

PERFORMANCE OF A STEP-UP AUTOTRANSFORMER (BUCK/BOOST TRANSFORMER IN BOOST MODE)

ANALYSIS OF A DELTA-WYE THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK USED AS A GENERATOR-STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

PERFORMANCE OF AN OPEN DELTA OR VEE-VEE SYSTEM

ANALYSIS OF A SCOTT-CONNECTED SYSTEM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

INTRODUCTION

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

PLUGGING

BRAKING

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTING

RESISTANCE STARTING

REACTANCE STARTING

SERIES-PARALLEL STARTING

MULTISTEP STARTING

SPEED CONTROL

LINE-VOLTAGE CONTROL

FREQUENCY CONTROL

SELECTION OF MOTOR STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL

MOTOR SELECTION FOR A CONSTANT LOAD

MOTOR SELECTION FOR A VARIABLE LOAD

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DETERMINED FROM NO-LOAD AND LOCKED-ROTOR TESTS

TORQUE AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS FOR SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

DETERMINATION OF INPUT CONDITIONS AND INTERNALLY DEVELOPED POWER FROM THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

DETERMINATION OF INPUT CONDITIONS AND INTERNALLY DEVELOPED POWER FROM THE APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

LOSS AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS FROM THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

STARTING-TORQUE CALCULATION FOR A CAPACITOR MOTOR

STARTING TORQUE FOR A RESISTANCE-START SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR

SHADED-POLE MOTOR LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AND DEVELOPED TORQUE FOR A RELUCTANCE MOTOR

MAXIMUM VALUE OF AVERAGE MECHANICAL POWER FOR A RELUCTANCE MOTOR

BREAKDOWN TORQUE-SPEED RELATIONSHIP FOR A FRACTIONAL-HORSEPOWER MOTOR

FIELD- AND ARMATURE-WINDING DESIGN OF A REPULSION MOTOR

AC/DC TORQUE COMPARISON AND MECHANICAL POWER FOR A UNIVERSAL MOTOR

SINGLE-PHASE SERIES MOTOR (UNIVERSAL) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND PHASOR DIAGRAM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

PER-UNIT BASE QUANTITIES

PER-UNIT DIRECT-AXIS REACTANCES

PER-UNIT QUADRATURE-AXIS REACTANCES

PER-UNIT OPEN-CIRCUIT TIME CONSTANTS

PER-UNIT SHORT-CIRCUIT TIME CONSTANTS

STEADY-STATE PHASOR DIAGRAM

GENERATOR-CAPABILITY CURVE

GENERATOR REGULATION

GENERATOR SHORT-CIRCUIT RATIO

POWER OUTPUT AND POWER FACTOR

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY

SYNCHRONIZING POWER COEFFICIENT

GENERATOR GROUNDING TRANSFORMER AND RESISTOR

POWER-FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER

MAJOR PARAMETER DECISIONS

OPTIMUM ELECTRIC-POWER GENERATING UNIT

ANNUAL CAPACITY FACTOR

ANNUAL FIXED-CHARGE RATE

FUEL COSTS

AVERAGE NET HEAT RATES

CONSTRUCTION OF SCREENING CURVE

NONCOINCIDENT AND COINCIDENT MAXIMUM PREDICTED ANNUAL LOADS

REQUIRED PLANNING RESERVE MARGIN

RATINGS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SYSTEMS

HYDROPOWER GENERATING STATIONS

LARGEST UNITS AND PLANT RATINGS USED IN GENERATING-SYSTEM EXPANSION PLANS

ALTERNATIVE GENERATING-SYSTEM EXPANSION PLANS

GENERATOR RATINGS FOR INSTALLED UNITS

OPTIMUM PLANT DESIGN

ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS VS. INSTALLED CAPITAL COSTS

THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS. INSTALLED CAPITAL AND/OR ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

REPLACEMENT FUEL COST

CAPABILITY PENALTY

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES AND UNDERGROUND CABLES

INTRODUCTION

CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE

INDUCTANCE OF SINGLE TRANSMISSION LINE

INDUCTANCE OF TWO-WIRE TRANSMISSION LINE

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF TWO-WIRE TRANSMISSION LINE

INDUCTANCE OF STRANDED-CONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINE

INDUCTANCE OF THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

PER-PHASE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

INDUCTANCE OF SIX-CONDUCTOR LINE

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF SIX-CONDUCTOR LINE

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF BUNDLED TRANSMISSION LINE

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE DETERMINED BY USING TABLES

EFFECT OF MUTUAL FLUX LINKAGE

INDUCTIVE IMPEDANCES OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES INCLUDING GROUND-RETURN CORRECTIONS

INDUCTIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF CABLES IN DUCTS OR CONDUIT

INDUCTIVE IMPEDANCES OF MULTICONDUCTOR UNDERGROUND CABLES INCLUDING GROUND-RETURN CORRECTIONS

INDUCTIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF THREE-PHASE UNDERGROUND CABLES

CAPACITANCE ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSMISSION LINES

CAPACITANCE OF TWO-WIRE LINE

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF TWO-WIRE LINE

CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES

CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCES OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES

CAPACITIVE SEQUENCE SUSCEPTANCES OF THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERGROUND CABLES

CHARGING CURRENT AND REACTIVE POWER

TRANSMISSION-LINE MODELS FOR POWER-FREQUENCY STUDIES

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION-LINE MODELS FOR POWER-FREQUENCY STUDIES

LONG TRANSMISSION-LINE MODELS FOR POWER-FREQUENCY STUDIES

COMPLEX POWER

SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING

ELECTRIC-POWER NETWORKS

POWER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION: GENERATORS, MOTORS, TRANSFORMERS, AND LINES

PER-UNIT METHOD OF SOLVING THREE-PHASE PROBLEMS

PER-UNIT BASES FOR SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

CHANGING THE BASE OF PER-UNIT QUANTITIES

WYE-DELTA AND DELTA-WYE CONVERSIONS

PER-UNIT REACTANCES OF THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS

CALCULATION OF COMPLEX POWERP+jQ

CHECKING VOLTAGE PHASE SEQUENCE WITH LAMPS

TOTAL POWER IN BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM

DIVISION OF LOAD BETWEEN TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL

PHASE SHIFT IN WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMER BANKS

CALCULATION OF POWER, APPARENT POWER, REACTIVE POWER, AND POWER FACTOR

THE POWER DIAGRAM: REAL AND APPARENT POWER

STATIC CAPACITORS USED TO IMPROVE POWER FACTOR

THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR USED TO CORRECT POWER FACTOR

POWER CALCULATION OF TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMER CONNECTED AS AN AUTOTRANSFORMER

TWO-WATTMETER METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE POWER OF A THREE-PHASE LOAD

OPEN-DELTA TRANSFORMER OPERATION

REAL AND REACTIVE POWER OF A THREE PHASE MOTOR IN PARALLEL WITH A BALANCED-DELTA LOAD

LOAD-FLOW ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

NOMENCLATURE

DEVELOPING POWER-FLOW EQUATIONS

POWER-FLOW SOLUTION

Example OF N-R SOLUTION

CONCLUDING REMARKS

POWER-SYSTEMS CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

POWER-SYSTEMS CONTROL

OBJECTIVES OF POWER-SYSTEMS CONTROL

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL TOOLS

ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING CONTROL DESIGN IN NORMAL OPERATION

HIERARCHICAL CONTROL IN THE REGULATED ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY

POWER-SYSTEMS CONTROL IN THE CHANGING INDUSTRY

CONCLUSIONS

SHORT-CIRCUIT COMPUTATIONS

TRANSFORMER REGULATION DETERMINED FROM SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST

TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER AT FULL LOAD

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

SUBTRANSIENT, TRANSIENT, AND SYNCHRONOUS SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS

POWER IN UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

DETERMINATION OF PHASE-SEQUENCE COMPONENTS

PROPERTIES OF PHASOR OPERATORS,j ANDa

COMPLEX POWER CALCULATED WITH SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

IMPEDANCES AND REACTANCES TO DIFFERENT SEQUENCES

LINE-TO-LINE SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

IMPEDANCE TO ZERO SEQUENCE FOR GENERATORS, TRANSFORMERS, AND TRANSMISSION LINES

LINE-TO-GROUND SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

SUBTRANSIENT-CURRENT CONTRIBUTION FROM MOTORS; CIRCUIT-BREAKER SELECTION

INDUCTION-MOTOR INRUSH CURRENT

INDUCTION-MOTOR SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

BUS VOLTAGES CALCULATED BY MATRIX EQUATION AND INVERSION

POWER FLOW THROUGH A TRANSMISSION LINE; ABCD CONSTANTS

SYSTEM GROUNDING

SELECTION OF GROUNDING SYSTEM

RECOMMENDED GROUND RESISTANCE FOR SOLIDLY GROUNDED SYSTEM

FORTUITOUS CONSTRUCTION GROUNDS

CONCRETE PIER GROUNDS

POWER-SYSTEM PROTECTION

CURRENT TRANSFORMER CONNECTION AND SIZING

TIME OVERCURRENT PROTECTION OF RADIAL PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

STEP DISTANCE PROTECTION

SMALL MOTOR PROTECTION

SUMMARY

POWER-SYSTEM STABILITY

INTRODUCTION

DYNAMIC MODELING AND SIMULATION

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS

SINGLE MACHINE-INFINITE BUS ILLUSTRATION

SELECTING TRANSIENT STABILITY DESIGN CRITERIA

TRANSIENT STABILITY AIDS

SELECTION OF AN UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD-SHEDDING SCHEME

STEADY-STATE STABILITY ANALYSIS

VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS

DATA PREPARATION FOR LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC SIMULATION

MODEL VALIDATION

COGENERATION

INTRODUCTION

POWER OUTPUT DEVELOPED BY TURBINE STAGES

GENERATOR AND MECHANICAL LOSSES

BOILER-FEED AND CONDENSATE PUMP POWER CONSUMPTION

GROSS AND NET POWER OUTPUT

HEAT AND FUEL CONSUMPTION

HEAT RATE

FEEDWATER-HEATER HEAT BALANCE

GAS-TURBINE-BASED COGENERATION PLANT

GAS-TURBINE OUTPUT AND HEAT RATE IN COGENERATION-PLANT MODE

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STCP AND GTCP

STATIONARY BATTERIES

SELECTION

RATINGS

C RATE

CALCULATING BATTERY END VOLTAGE FOR A DC SYSTEM

SIZING METHODS—CONSTANT CURRENT

SIZING METHODS—CONSTANT POWER

DETERMINING THE CURRENT OF A CONSTANT-POWER LOAD

NUMBER OF POSITIVE PLATES

DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

USING FAN CURVES

USING S CURVES

USINGKFACTORS

VOLTAGE DEPRESSION—NICKEL-CADMIUM ON FLOAT CHARGE

NUMBER OF CELLS FOR A 48-VOLT SYSTEM

NUMBER OF CELLS FOR 125- AND 250-VOLT SYSTEMS

SELECTING NICKEL-CADMIUM CELLS

LOAD PROFILES

PROFILE FOR RANDOM LOAD

LOADS OCCURRING DURING FIRST MINUTE

SIZING BATTERY FOR SINGLE-LOAD PROFILE

SIZING BATTERY FOR MULTIPLE-LOAD PROFILE

AMPERE-HOUR CAPACITY

SIZING BATTERY FOR CONSTANT POWER

CALCULATING BATTERY SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

CHARGER SIZE

RECHARGING NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES—CONSTANT CURRENT

TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE DERATING FOR CHARGERS

CALCULATION OF THE SULFURIC ACID (H 2SO 4) CONTENT OF ELECTROLYTE

ELECTRIC ENERGY ECONOMIC METHODS

INTRODUCTION

REREGULATED ENVIRONMENT

THEORY OF THE FIRM

PRODUCTION COSTING

OPPORTUNITY COSTS AND RESOURCES

PROJECT SELECTION

UNCERTAINTY

LIGHTING DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE

ILLUMINANCE AT A POINT

LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR AN INDOOR INDUSTRIAL AREA

LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR AN OUTDOOR AREA

ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM